Monument record TR 06 SW 1475 - Stonebridge Pond, part of Faversham Home Works gunpowder works

Summary

The Stonebridge Pond site was incorporated into the Faversham Home Works in the mid-17th century, and maps show that its very distinctive network of water channels were in place by the at least the mid-18th century.

Location

Grid reference Centred TR 0117 6159 (255m by 241m)
Map sheet TR06SW
County KENT
District SWALE, KENT
Civil Parish FAVERSHAM, SWALE, KENT

Map

Type and Period (1)

Full Description

In 2014 the site of Stonebridge Pond was considered for scheduling by English Heritage. In the event the site was not thought appropriate for scheduling.

The English Heritage assessment report concluded: "The Stonebridge Pond site was incorporated into the Faversham Home Works in the mid-C17, and maps show that its very distinctive network of water channels were in place by the at least the mid-C18. The site as a whole has considerable significance for its association with the nationally significant Faversham gunpowder industry, and while other sites in the area associated with the pre-C18 industry have been depleted by later development, Stonebridge Pond is unusual for the very small degree of encroachment it has suffered, and the survival of its very distinctive geography. However, at present, it is not possible to conclude how much of the pond and water courses could be defined as a monument, as it is not clear to what extent they are a naturally occurring result of the head of Faversham Creek being dammed in the mid C17, or the result of deliberate excavation. While networks of water channels associated with gunpowder works are typical, the extent and complexity of those at Stonebridge Pond is very unusual, and the reasons behind this remain unaccounted for. Although it is claimed that they are brick lined, the degree and extent of this lining is not substantiated. Much of the site cannot be known to have been created as part of the gunpowder works, and the link between the unusual and particular form of the water network, and the way in which it was exploited for the gunpowder-making process, is not understood. For this reason these parts of the site cannot reasonably be considered for scheduling at this time.

The assessment for scheduling must therefore focus on those parts of the site where there is evidence to suggest the existence of buildings, structures or works, created as part of a gunpowder works. Further information provided by the scheduling applicant in response to our consultation report, suggested that in the late C17, the works at Stonebridge Pond were located on the west bank of the pond. However no maps are known to exist which would help narrow down the location of the buildings, and as the land is now quite sloped, it would suggest that there has been remodelling of these parts of the site. The archaeological potential here is therefore speculative. The earliest map evidence shows most of the works buildings by 1775, being to the north-east of the site, with a small number of others spread widely over the rest of the site. Most of the buildings are likely to date from shortly after the Home Works were nationalised in 1759. By 1825 however, the majority of these buildings had gone, and other than the likely rebuilding or modification of the water mills, the site remained largely unaltered thereafter, with the few widely interspaced subsidiary buildings
gradually disappearing over subsequent maps. There is good, but unproven archaeological potential for
some below-ground survival of a number of the late-C18 works buildings, but the majority of these were the types of building – stores, stables, powder magazines, carpenter's shops, dwelling houses - which are unlikely to reveal new technological information about the gunpowder manufacturing process, and standing examples from broadly this period exist on other sites nationally, and in Faversham, including the former Hill and Marsh works (a number of the buildings here being listed).

The part of the site which is likely to have the greatest archaeological interest is the site of Lower and
Bennett's Mills. The position and function of these water-powered incorporating mills is reasonably well understood. The Lower Mills (a pair of two mills) pre-dated 1775, and Bennett's Mill dated from between 1781 and 1790, replacing an earlier glazing and corning house. Above ground survival extends only to several bed-stones resting on their brick bases, in some cases just the brick bases, one of Lower Mills' two wheel pits, and a small amount of one of the sluice mechanisms. It is likely that beneath the ground there will be some level of survival of the mill foundations, as well as brick-lined culverts (one has recently been identified through collapse), and two other wheel pits. Lower Mills may have been rebuilt several times by the late C18, and was then converted to steam power in the C19, meaning there may be archaeological material relating to several phases of mill development. Bennett's Mill may also have been rebuilt several times, and there is the possibility of material dating to the pre-existing glazing and corning house also. However, in the case of both mills, later phases may have obliterated the evidence of earlier ones so at present the level of survival is speculative. There is insufficient knowledge of what survives, and, as highlighted by the discovery of the brick-lined culvert, an insufficient knowledge of the likely geographical extent of what survives, to draw conclusions as to the level of importance of this part of the site.

The Stonebridge Pond site as a whole is a very distinctive historic landscape. However, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the pond and associated watercourses were created in their current form for the purposes of the industry, and how, or if, the peculiarity of their form was dictated by the nature of their use. The site of the earliest works at Stonebridge Pond is not substantiated through physical or mapped evidence, whereas the later C18 works is identified through mapping and some visible physical remains. Faversham's gunpowder industry was extensive, and the most important survivals were defined by the MPP project and are already designated. These include Chart Mills and the Oare and Marsh works, with both standing buildings and excavated remains from the late C18 and C19. It is possible that future investigation of the Stonebridge Pond site could reveal fabric which is sufficiently early, or technologically important to warrant scheduling, but without more detailed, substantiated, information relating to below-ground survival, there are not grounds to schedule any part of the site at this time."


Now site is now largely allotments and gardens.

Sources/Archives (0)

Finds (0)

Protected Status/Designation

  • None recorded

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Record last edited

Nov 21 2014 4:07PM